4 Reasons You Should Take the SAT

As graduation nears, tons of high school students are asking themselves this question: Why should I take the SAT? Many colleges and universities out there dont require the SAT, and theyd rather get into a university that doesnt force them to take even more standardized tests. Thats a great question, and there are some very good reasons for you to just take the SAT, even if you dont want to. Read below to see the benefits you can get from making the choice to sit for the exam. The Universally Accepted Test If youre going to college, you kind of have to take a college entrance exam like the SAT if youre attending a school that requires one (some do not). All major universities in the United States accept the SAT as a college entrance exam; most accept the ACT. Scholarships Scholarships, kids! Yes. Money often follows an impressive SAT score. Check into your college of choices SAT scholarship requirements. Many schools dole out huge bucks for great SAT scores. For instance, St. Louis university has awarded $15,000 merit scholarships for a 1210 on the combined Reading and Math scores. Villanova has given more than $10,000 for a 1310. Your school doesnt offer cash for your score? No worries.  Even if your college or university doesnt offer scholarships for your SAT score, many community organizations and foundations do. Trust me, youll appreciate not having to pay back school loans when youre all grown up if you can get much of your tuition covered with a test, so get out there and  practice for the SAT  until your fingers bleed. Balance a Low GPA So maybe you hated your World History teacher, flunked the class to spite her, and ruined that 4.0. That doesn’t mean you dont have the brain skills to survive college. Scoring high on the SAT can show off your smarts to the college admissions team when your GPA doesn’t. And yes, although admissions committees take a look at you as a whole person, not just at your SAT score, it  is  one of the pieces that makes up the picture of you. You want it to be good.   Your Scores Follow You Around I’m not kidding. When you apply for your first entry-level job, your SAT scores (if theyre good enough) are going to be on your resume, because truthfully, your pizza delivery gig can’t showcase your reasoning ability like a 90th percentile on the SAT can. You wont have a lot of job experience right off the bat. Take the SAT to prove to your first future employer that you have the smarts to be successful at your job, even if intelligence is NOT really one of the things the SAT predicts or measures.   Here are the Top SAT Registration Questions to get you started on your SAT journey. Good luck!

Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal Essay - 990 Words

Following the First World War, another cataclysmic event occurred in the form of a depression. When the stock Market crashed on â€Å"Black Tuesday† in 1929 along with various alternate causes such as the installment buying of the 1920s, the United States became encapsulated within a massive economic depression known as â€Å"The Great Depression.† After the Election of 1932, the new president, Franklin D. Roosevelt, was elected. Franklin D. Roosevelt along with his advisor group called the â€Å"Brain Trust† proposed the revolutionary policy known as the New Deal which drastically changed the basics of American society by distributing wealth as well as giving rights to the disadvantaged. First off, the primary goal of the New Deal was to recover and†¦show more content†¦They treated him as their hero and pictures of him were posted everywhere from people’s houses to barber shops. Later during the first hundred days, the government passed the Bank ing Act of 1933 creating the FDIC to guarantee bank deposits, which prevented people from losing all of the money in their accounts if a bank went bankrupt. Moreover, Roosevelt set out to provide relief for the rural poor. At the time, farmers were overproducing. They hoped that by growing more they could make up for falling produce prices, but their efforts were futile since the more they produced further prices fell. Roosevelts solution was the Agricultural Adjustment Act. The AAA provided payments to farmers in return for their agreement to cut production by up to one-half, the money to cover this program came from increased taxes on meat packers, millers, and other food processors. A month later, Congress passed the Farm Credit Act, which provided loans to those farmers in danger of foreclosure. Several other New Deal programs established government control over industry. The National Industrial Recovery Act consolidated businesses and coordinated their activities with the aim o f eliminating overproduction and, by so doing, stabilizing prices. The NIRA also established the Public Works Administration, which set aside $3 billion to create jobsShow MoreRelatedFranklin D. Roosevelt And The New Deal1116 Words   |  5 PagesHyde Park, New York, Franklin D. Roosevelt was stricken with polio in 1921. He became the 32nd US president in 1933, and was the only president to be elected four times. Roosevelt led the United States through the Great Depression and World War II, and greatly expanded the powers of the federal government through a series of programs and reforms known as the New Deal. Roosevelt died in Georgia in 1945. President Roosevelt’s parents made a living both on real estate and trade. Roosevelt was schooledRead MoreFranklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal1289 Words   |  5 PagesFranklin D. Roosevelt was one of the most powerful and influential democratic presidents that the United States has ever put into office. Though he was diagnosed with polio and had to be confined to a wheelchair, for many years Roosevelt tried to regain the ability to walk by swimming . He still managed to lead this country out of the worst economic depression the country had seen in its young life. Many Americans were out of work with the depression going on and banks were closed because peopleRead MoreFranklin D. Roosevelt And The New Deal1827 Words   |  8 PagesJahdiel Evans April 18, 2017 History 1302 Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal Throughout the history of our great nation, certain presidents have been known to stand out from the rest. These prominent leaders are well known for their lasting, if not positive, impact on American society. One such president that fits this category is Franklin D. Roosevelt. In Allan M. Winkler’s biography Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Making of Modern America, the author provides an in-depth examination of Roosevelt’sRead MorePresident Franklin D. Roosevelt New Deals1681 Words   |  7 Pagessocial blow to the American people, people were out of job, food, money and homes while society turned everyone against each other it was everyman for himself. President Franklin D. Roosevelt new deals were effect in providing jobs to the men of the families starting from the oldest to the youngest men in the family. The New Deal improved both the economic and social lives of the American people. The Great Depression caused a deafening blow in the economy of America as people raced to the banks toRead MoreThe New Deal Policies By Franklin D. Roosevelt914 Words   |  4 PagesThe New Deal policies were created by Franklin D. Roosevelt and his people who are known as the â€Å"New Dealers†. They were created in hopes that they would bring relief, recovery, and reform to America and help bring America out of the depression. This flawed plan that many historians believe was largely a success brought America another rescission and caused the unemployment rate to rise. To believe that the New Deal was largely a success is to overlook its many failures and negative impact on AmericaRead MoreFranklin D. Roosevelt s New Deal1772 Words   |  8 Pagesneeded their spirits restored. The 32nd president, Franklin D. Roosevelt, assumed the Presidency in 1932 and intended to revive America with his economic stimulus plan, the New Deal (Tindall Shi, 2013). Although Rooseveltâ€℠¢s New Deal did not end the Great Depression, Roosevelt’s New Deal cannot be deemed as a failure, but rather a success, as the New Deal provided short-term economic relief and long-term structural reform. When Franklin Roosevelt took office, the Great Depression was nearly at itsRead MoreFranklin D Roosevelt s New Deal2091 Words   |  9 Pages I spent a little time on you tube during my research for this essay in order to get an idea of how several current documentaries portray Franklin D Roosevelt’s New Deal implementations during his presidency throughout the Great Depression. I felt that many of the documentaries seemed only to highlight the benefits of FDR’s leadership as president. I couldn’t help but disagree because some of the mentioned â€Å"benefits† just didn’t sound like benefits from my perspective. I also noticed the overwhelmingRead MoreFranklin D. Roosevelt s Impact On The New Deal939 Words   |  4 Pages3.)Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected into office in 1932 and promised a new deal for Americans. From a social welfare perspective he was viewed as the best president because he advanced social welfare policies. Initial proposals were timid at this time and focused on balancing budgets, similar to prior thinking. Once Roosevelt was elected into office, the activism of those suffering helped push this period in a more progressive era. In 1933 Roosevelt initiated a variety of programs and policies duringRead MorePresident Franklin D. Roosevelt s New Deal1279 Words   |  6 Pagesnation was in a state of crisis when Franklin D. Roosevelt took office in 1933. The Great Depression had caused severe unemployment (up to 90% in some cities!), business failures, and serious disruptions in international trade. It’s no understatement that Roosevelt had a lot of work to do to fix the nation and restore trust in the government! This is when FDR’s New Deal comes in. As an AP US History student, it is important for you to know what the New Deal is, but also why it is important. ThisRead MorePresident Franklin D. Roosevelt s New Deal1374 Words   |  6 PagesPresident Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal did not solve the problems of the Great Depression and slowed economic recovery for America until World War II. The Great Depression brought about a high unemployment, and the New Deal did not deal with it successfully. The Democratic Party benefited from the New Deal’s social and work programs because it shifted the African American vote from Republican to Democrat. (Powell, 2003) Some of the programs from the New Deal that exist today are broken and manipulated

Management-Controlling Function - 916 Words

Introduction Once managers assume responsibilities for their units, they decide â€Å"where they are going† (Planning), who will do what (Organizing), and how to motivate their employees (Leading). In this presentation, we are going to explore how to keep things under control in an organization. It is imperative that all managers should be involved in the control function even if their units are performing as planned. Managers cant really know whether their units are performing properly until they have evaluated what activities have been done and have compared the actual performance with the desired standard. An effective control system ensures that activities are completed in ways that lead to attainment of the organization’s goals.†¦show more content†¦* Must identify significant differences between actual results and original plan. * Effective control requires measurement. * Step 3 — comparing results with objectives and standards * Need for action reflects the difference between desired performance and actual performance * Comparison methods: * Historical comparison * Relative comparison * Engineering comparison * Step 4 — taking corrective action * Taking action when a discrepancy exists between desired and actual performance. * Management by exception * Giving attention to situations showing the greatest need for action. * Types of exceptions * Problem situation * Opportunity situation * Feedforward controls * Employed before a work activity begins. * Ensures that: * Objectives are clear. * Proper directions are established. * Right resources are available. * Focuses on quality of resources * Concurrent controls †¦ * Focus on what happens during work process. * Monitor ongoing operations to make sure they are being done according to plan. * Can reduce waste in unacceptable finished products or services. * Feedback controls †¦ * Take place after work is completed. * Focus on quality of end results. * Provide useful information for improving future operations. * Internal and external control *Show MoreRelatedManagement Function Controlling1653 Words   |  7 PagesFunctions of management The functions of management uniquely describe managers jobs. The most commonly cited functions of management are planning, organizing, leading, and controlling, although some identify additional functions. The functions of management define the process of management as distinct from accounting, finance, marketing, and other business functions. These functions provide a useful way of classifying information about management, and most basic management texts sinceRead MoreThe Function Of Management Is Controlling Essay2234 Words   |  9 PagesThe final step in the function of management is controlling. Controlling is broken down into a process that consists of determining the stands to measure performance, then your company measures the actual performance, and compares that performance with the standard, and if needed, corrective action will fall into place. Towards the end of the fiscal year, you begin creating new goals for your company to meet. Goals can consist of c ustomer satisfaction, financial, production, and employee performanceRead MoreFunctions Of Management : Planning, Directing And Controlling Essay933 Words   |  4 Pagesfour major functions of management in order to succeed. The success of any business organization depends on how well these functions are applied. These management functions make it possible for a business to handle its business strategy, tactical and operational decisions in a more efficient and effective manner. The aim of this paper is to discuss the four main functions of management: Planning, Organizing, Directing and controlling. a. Planning - This is the first management function and it isRead MoreRelationship Between Planning Controlling Functions of Management.1125 Words   |  5 PagesInterrelationship between Planning Controlling Functions of Management. Ashiqur Rahman Sami Business Administration Discipline Allama Iqbal UNIVERSITY, PAKISTAN Interrelationship between Planning Controlling Functions of Management. Before we go to specify the interrelationship between the Planning and Controlling Function of Business we have to define Planning and Controlling first. Planning: Planning is a basic managerial function. It involves deciding on a course ofRead MoreThe Four Functions Of Management: Planning, Management, Leading and Controlling1225 Words   |  5 Pagesinformed and all moving toward the goal of the company. Some people may think that this person is the owner but most of the time this person is the manager. Successful managers must know, and be able to apply the four functions of management: planning, organizing, leading, and controlling, to their daily work routine. Planning is specifying the goals to be achieved and deciding in advance the appropriate action needed to achieve those goals (Bateman Snell, 2007). All businesses, new and establishedRead MoreManagement Functions And Functions Of Management1304 Words   |  6 Pages Essay Management is viewed as a critical part in any business or corporate commercial enterprises. Group assignments provide a useful platform for understanding the management functions that consist of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling (POLC). I totally do agree with this statement. Management of groups is actually the key to all of these P-O-L-C functions. Any management can accomplish and succeed objectives through the organizing execution of these four functions (123helpme.comRead More Four Functions of Management Essay770 Words   |  4 PagesFour Functions of Management Abstract The four functions of management, planning, organizing, leading, and controlling, are very essential in building strong organizations and even stronger more effective teams. Planning, organizing, leading, and controlling are the functions of management. These function activities must be preformed by all managers regardless of their industry level, title, or the task they have at hand. These four management skill are used when ever a project or a task isRead MoreManagerial Accounting1152 Words   |  5 Pagesimportant part in helping understand how profits and expense amounts are derived. One form of accounting I will focus on is managerial accounting or also known as management accounting. Managerial accounting is the process of identifying, analyzing, recording and presenting financial information that is used for internally by the management for planning, decision making, and control. Managerial accounting provides economic and financial information for managers and other internal users (Managerial,Read MoreMgt 330 Functions of Management Essay1046 Words   |  5 PagesFour Functions of Management Tayshia Forrest MGT 330 May 15, 2011 Didier S.D. Opotowsky University of Phoenix Abstract: The objective of this paper is to explain and define the four functions of management, which are planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. The paper will also explain how these four functions are incorporated in the fast food franchise of Hardees and Carl Jr. restaurants. Discussed are different ways the restaurant managers practice these functions for their employeesRead MoreMgmt 4081554 Words   |  7 PagesRoles of a Manager MGMT 408 Week 1 Farbod Zarkeshian IT Managers now have many responsibilities (data centers, staff management, telecommunications, servers, applications, workstations, websites, mobile access and devices, user support, regulatory compliance, vendor management, disaster recovery, etc.) and work with all the departments (accounting, human resources, marketing, sales, distribution, facilities, legal, etc.) within a company or organization. This is both the good and the bad

The Character of Henry Higgins in Pygmalion Essay

Shaw has often been criticized for his inability to create well- developed round characters. His characters are usually seen as mere puppets propelled by the crisis of the plot or as mouthpieces for his socialist viewpoint. However in Pygmalion,, Shaw vindicates himself of these charges by the creation of rounded and life-like characters such as Higgins and Eliza. Clearly they are not authorial stooges. They have a peculiar quality that leaves a lasting imprint on the readers memory. But there is some truth in the charge that Shaw created a mouthpiece for his own ideas and the character of Alfred Doolittle is a case in point. While Doolittle is undoubtedly a staple comic character, he is an artificial and flat one. Doolittle is there†¦show more content†¦Apart from being a professor of phonetics, he has a deep reverence for literature and fancies himself as a poet. In all seriousness he thinks highly of the treasures of (his) Mittonic mind. He is self-indulgent, whimsical, a nd ill mannered when it comes to interacting with other people. Higgins is not a man given to extravagant aesthetic tastes. The walls in the Wimpole street laboratory are not adorned by paintings but by engravings. His passionate fondness for sweets and chocolates stands out in comic contrast to his seriousness and austere mode of living. Higgins most prominent characteristic is his restlessness and the consequent inability to sit still. He is constantly tripping and stumbling over something. For instance, in Act Three, Shaw writes in the stage directions that Higginss sudden arrival at his mothers at home is accompanied by minor disasters - He goes to the divan, stumbling into the fender and over the fire-irons on his way; extricating himself with muttered impatiently on the divan that he almost breaks it. These quirks and oddities of his character contribute to the laughs in the play and place Higgins in the tradition of the comic hero. It is obvious that simply as a professor of phonetics Higgins would not have been very humorous. Thus Shaw makes Higgins obsessed with his profession. His devotion to phonetics is so engrossing that it leaves little time or inclination for anything else.Show MoreRelatedHow Does Shaw Present the Relationship Between Eliza and Higgins and to What Extent Does the Audience Find It Funny.1500 Words   |  6 PagesThe myth of Pygmalion comes from the mythical Greek sculptor Pygmalion who sculpted a piece of ungraceful ivory to a stunning female statue. Shaw emphasises, social class and manners through the play of his version of Pygmalion . I will be analysing these affects and how they are comedic to the audience. At the heart of these aspects are Henry Higgins and Eliza Doolittle, a relationship that Shaw depicts as a romance. Shaws clever use of phonetics ephasises the broad cockney accent whichRead More What drove Eliza to change? What does it mean to be high class? 1502 Words   |  7 PagesIn George Bernard Shaw’s didactic, Victorian play Pygmalion, Linguistics Professor Henry Higgins’s perceptive ears are offended by the sound of Eliza’s lowly, Cockney accent, so he wishes to change it into a flawless, pleasant voice that would blend in among high society. Higgins is a sarcastic and rude character who treats Eliza badly throughout most of the play, sometimes not even acknowledging her presence. This brings up the question of why she tolerates his rudeness. What drove Eliza to changeRead MoreEssay on Comparing Pygmalion and My Fair Lady1009 Words   |  5 PagesComparing Pygmalion and My Fair Lady Through the years, countless film directors have adapted and recreated various novels and plays to make them ideal for the big-screen. In many cases, directors strive to keep their screenplay adaptations true to the original literature; however, viewers often find contrasts in certain areas of the film. George Bernard Shaw, author of the play Pygmalion, who had passed away prior to the production of My Fair Lady in 1964, therefore, he could not assist inRead MoreCharacterisation of Eliza Doolittle and Henry Higgins in Shaws Pygmalion1730 Words   |  7 PagesPygmalion is written by dramatist, playwright and critic George Bernard Shaw in the year 1912 and was first published in the year 1913. The drama revolves around three main characters – Eliza Doolittle, Professor Henry Higgins and Colonel Pickering – who are all striving towards the same goal. That is, they want to be able to pass Eliza off as a Duchess rather than the flower girl from the London slums that she act ually is. It starts as just a bet on the part of the Professor and the Colonel, butRead MoreWilliam Shaw s Pygmalion On The Myth Of Pygmalion And Galatea1236 Words   |  5 PagesAt the end of Bernard Shaw’s Pygmalion, Eliza finds herself as a new and empowered woman. Women in the 20th century are looked down upon. This is what happened to Eliza Doolittle. When Eliza meets a man named Higgins, he makes assumptions about her intelligence based on her speech. Higgins is wrong and fails to see that Eliza is one of the most intelligent characters in the play. Eliza’s ability to pick up speech and learn is high which is unusual for a woman of her social standing. In some casesRead MoreShaws Pygmalion Essay823 Words   |  4 PagesShaws Pygmalion Pygmalion can be classified as a comedy. The objects of the comedy centralize around the people, the ideas and the attitudes. The first humorous part of the play is with Mrs Eynsford-Hill and her daughter Clara waiting for Claras brother Freddy to get them a taxi as it was pouring with rain. They get annoyed so Clara asks, do you expect us to go and get one ourselves?. The audience/reader of this play finds this humorous because the Eynsford-HillsRead MoreGeorge Bernard Shaw s Pygmalion1463 Words   |  6 Pagesoutward appearance (the way in which they spoke and dressed). People such as antagonist Henry Higgins of Pygmalion, in fact, only focused on a person’s facade; they were completely ignorant to people’s true identities. As a social activist during the early 1900s, Shaw chose to introduce the incorrect judgment placed upon working class citizens to his wealthier audiences within his play Pygmalion. Henry Higgins finds poor flower girl Eliza and determines her a lost soul, deciding immediately he couldRead MoreMiddle-Class-Morality and Comments on Class and Social Standing made by Shaw in Pygmalion564 Words   |  3 PagesMiddle-Class-Morality and Comments on Class and Social Standing made by Shaw in Pygmalion George Bernard Shaws play Pygmalion is the story of Henry Higgins, a master phonetician, and his mischievous plot to pass a common flower girl, Eliza Doolittle, off as a duchess at the Embassy Ball. In order achieve his goal, Higgins must teach Eliza how to speak properly and how to act in upper-class society. The play pokes fun at middle class morality and upper-class superficialityRead MoreThe Themes of Pygmalion, by Bernard Shaw Essay821 Words   |  4 PagesThe play, Pygmalion, by Bernard Shaw is about a phonetics expert who makes a bet that he can pass a Cockney flower girl as a duchess in the matter of a few months. This girl, Eliza does achieve the transformation, but at the expense of a familiar life in the gutters, and risks being caste off into the world with nowhere to turn. This play explores many themes, has extensive use of symbolism, interesting tonality, irony, and the play itself is an allusion to ancient Greek mythology. The majorRead MoreThe Majority Of Male Characters924 Words   |  4 PagesThe majority of male characters in Bernard Shaw’s Pygmalion appear to be fundamentally flawed in some important way. Freddy Eynsford-Hill is raised as a gentleman and, thus, is a â€Å"fool† who has trouble hailing a cab, let alone finding any suitable occupation for himself. Henry Higgins is well-educated but ill-mannered, alienating him from society due to his inconsideration for others. Alfred Doolittle appears to lack any sort of morals and â€Å"seems equally free from fear and conscience.† The only male

The Theory of Institutionalisation and State Building Free Essays

string(145) " allowing other companies to be buoyant within the region and make the government itself a less attractive proposition for any takeover attempt\." Introduction When looking at achieving political and economic stability through state building, it can be seen that this underlying concept of building the state and the institutions within it is the central theoretical issue for determining how Libya can gain success by largely focusing on institutional reform and stability. This element of the literature review will look specifically at utilising state institutions, i.e. We will write a custom essay sample on The Theory of Institutionalisation and State Building or any similar topic only for you Order Now state building, as a means of gaining economic success, for countries going through a period of reform, as is the case with Libya. This section of the literature review will firstly look at the link between the theories of building institutions and achieving peacekeeping and political stability, before going on to discuss the more general theories on state building. The Need for Institutional Development in Libya Following the death of Gaddafi, the previous Libyan leader, the region entered into a potentially dynamic yet volatile period of reform where the general feeling both within the country and within neighbouring countries was that of elation and hope for the future. Nevertheless, the death of Gaddafi also created potential political unrest and the need to consider how the country should now be developed and how the institutions within the country could establish the foundations for the future. Prior to the death of its leader, there were concerns that Libya was going to find itself in an autocratic state, with a large amount of civil unrest (Call, and Cousens, 2008). Libya, however, is currently in the potentially interesting position where, in order to develop efficient stability, the country now needs to make use of the natural resources that it has and to create the appropriate level of stability for the future. More specifically, there is a challenge facing the country as to how it makes the most of the resources available to it, primarily from the oil sector, and how this can then be utilised in order to influence infrastructure and services within the region. It is argued that the key challenges to achieving this is that the region currently has substantially underdeveloped political institutions, with a large degree of rationalisation across the country being dominated by oil companies. The oil industry is hugely influential in Libya, with estimations that 80% of government revenues come from the oil industry and oil accounts for 25% of its gross domestic product. With this in mind, it can be argued that, in Libya, the key challenge facing the government is to develop institutions in such a way that the government can make the most of its earnings from the oil industry, in a way that will create critical and economic stability, in the long run. This will entail not just supporting the oil industry, but also supporting the surrounding industries and public services, e.g. health and education (Crafts, 2000). The underlying issue which is seen to be relevant here is that having an accountable government when they rely heavily on oil revenue is unlikely to happen. In Libya, for example, 80% of government revenue comes from the oil industry (Crafts, 2000), which immediately brings into question the ability of the government institutions to be swayed by public opinion. Moreover, where such heavy reliance is placed on economic industries, for example, in the oil industry, the institution is now arguably losing importance. Also, issues, e.g. climate and the collection of taxes have become heavily swayed by the demands of the oil industry, rather than the validity of the governmental institutions. Furthermore, it is noted that the current Libyan leaders are placing a heavy emphasis on ensuring freedom and democracy which is likely to be inherently linked to the strength of the institution. Yet, there is no guarantee that, without strong institutional reforms, this would not be the case in the f uture with different leaders. Whenever a country has an important natural resource, it also has the potential to provide substantial revenue, and there are potential concerns over political unrest with the risk of coups, as experienced in Libya, in 1969. Interestingly, whilst the current euphoria surrounding the changing government has driven a push towards achieving democracy, it is clear that the position is potentially fragile. This means that establishing robust institutions within the state is seen as a crucial step to take, at this stage, in order to ensure that, even if there is a change of government in the future, democracy remains minimal. An example of how this has worked in other jurisdictions can be seen by looking at Norway. In the 1960s, Norway discovered that it had a substantial natural resource and worked hard to ensure that it did not suffer the same problems that other countries had, upon a similar discovery. Norway recognised that it needed to create an interaction between natural resource pr ofits and political power, so that it would not suffer the same level of political unrest which had been experienced by other jurisdictions. In Norway, restrictions were placed on access to the oilfields and this immediately had the by-product of reducing the impact of currency appreciation (North, 1990). A certain amount of profit was setaside, from the outset, in order to ensure that funds were built up to improve infrastructure and to create new oil facilities (Delacroix, 1980). Crucially, Norway created a national resource fund which is also considered to be a government pension. The government can only access the interest of the funds, so that the government has a limited access to the natural resources. This required the government to continue to seek the individuals’ approval, rather than simply relying on the support of the oil industry to maintain power. Political institutions were established, in such a way that politicians were required to continue to consider the public at large. In this context, Norway did not suffer the same level of disruption as is felt in Libya. This also had the effect of continuing to encourage diversified industries and allowing other companies to be buoyant within the region and make the government itself a less attractive proposition for any takeover attempt. You read "The Theory of Institutionalisation and State Building" in category "Essay examples" By having this national fund in place, Norway was able to ensure that it invested in infrastructure and prevented commercial entities from simply taking the profits for their own benefits. But, by allowing the government full access to the interest, it still has a degree of freedom, on the understanding that there is a specific requirement to maintain economic stability and this prevents the type of boom and bust attitude that could be very damaging (Daunton, 1998). In order for this institution itself to be effective, there needs to be a degree of independence from government. Arguably, if it is possible for government institutions to gain access to the fund at any point, this would not then assist in providing the necessary economic stabilisation. Taking this into account, it would be argued that any national resource fund established in Libya would need to become its own independent and transparent entity, something which would require a reasonable degree of state building to offer the framework for this type of independent institution. By pursuing the creation of institutions of this nature, it will naturally limit political economic power which can be difficult to achieve, as well as being difficult to maintain. More specifically, this type of institution would require the government to accept a reduction in its immediate economic return, in exchange for guaranteeing long-term stability, something which it may not benefit from, if it is long-term. The economyin Libya has experienced shrinkage, in recent times. This means that the temptation is to turn towards its natural resources to rebuild the economy quickly, thus creating institutions that would limit short term gain is likely to prove challenging, regardless of the merits of this type of approach for the long-term stability of the country. Given the potential difficulty in encouraging these types of institutions to be formed, the research now focuses on where the initiative is likely to emerge from and whether the international community itself has any form of power to encourage this type of state building within Libya. There is some suggestion that direct control, for example, by the US Treasury which still controls $700 million worth of frozen assets from the prior political regime and the fact that Libya is still dependent on foreign aid, to a large extent. As such, the international community will have at least some say in the institutions that are likely to emerge (Cook, 1970). Regardless of the way in which this is achieved and the level of pressure that the international community may place on the country, there is clear strength in the argument that institutions formed at this stage could be fundamental to establishing long-term stability throughout the country and to ensuring that future governments cannot reverse the good work undertaken. Building Institutions – Importance with Peace Building A highly informative definition of state building has just been put forward by Call and Cousens (2008). This definition states that it is the â€Å"actions undertaken by international or national actors to establish, reform, or strengthen the institutions of the state which may or may not contribute to peace building† (p.4). This link between building institutions within the state and achieving political and economic gains is potentially very interesting, in that it contributes to the research and is worthy of discussion in this regard, given the volatile position that Libya is currently in. As noted in the 2008 research by Call and Cousens, the theoretical shift has moved away from looking at social and economic relationships between the parties of the conflict and looking more towards ensuring that the state and its institutions are functioning in such a way that this building of institutions is a natural by-product. This was supported by Paris and Sisk (2009), where they no ted that the building of institutions within the state should be viewed as a vital part of this building process and the way in which the institutions are developed and state relationships achieved. State building through the use of institutions has been the focus of discussion in many research papers, with differing suggestions as to why this building is likely to be so high on the political agenda. Kahler (2009) argues that creating institutions within a state is likely to assist when it comes to dealing with humanitarianism and the increasing pressure being placed on states from across the world to behave in a certain manner. Secondly, research by Collier (2007) has indicated that state building is fundamental to long-term political and economic stability and that, in reality, creating political stability should happen at the outset of the recovery process, following the conflict, with a view to preventing future conflict. This is highly relevant to the case in Libya, where there is a degree of euphoria being experienced, at the end of the conflict. Yet, this is arguably the key point at which the agenda should be set, in order to prevent future instances and it is here that the foundations of these institutions should be laid out, without waiting for conflict to emerge. Finally, other researchers including Fukuyama, in 2004, have suggested that developing these types of institutions is a necessity, given the changing ways in which security threats are emerging, on an international basis, especially in the wake of the September 11 crisis. For this reason, it has been suggested that building state institutions is crucial to the agenda of the international community. It could also be argued that, as universal convergence increases, so does the need to have stability within individual states and, as such, institutional state building becomes a matter for the international community, as much as it does for the individual locations. The Theory of Institutionalisation and State Building It has already been mentioned that institutions can be formative in establishing a degree of governance and democracy within a country such as Libya. This raises the question as to whether there is any theoretical link between the concepts of establishing stability, both economically and politically, with the notion of using an institution as a means of achieving this end. As argued by Chandler, (2010), there is a new ‘institution first’ approach being taken in a modern economy which has led to an increase in the development of institutional economics as a set of theories in their own right. Although this is a relatively new area of research, many of the foundational theories can be seen to have existed back in the 1920s, where old-style institutional economics suggested that individuals will not always be able to act as rationally as predicted, due to the constraints placed on them when an institution arises. Whilst these theories did not look specifically at how instit utions could establish economic stability in the wake of a crisis, they did look at the way in which the institution impacted upon decision-making, with a high degree of influence being placed on subjectivity within institutions. According to North (1990), who was instrumental in developing this new area of institutional economics, there is a direct link between theories of institutions and economic capabilities. By taking on board this new approach, the traditional notion that the market is the perfect way in which resourcesshould be allocated is flawed. Instead, the markets should ideally be viewed as a means of training and encouraging certain social behaviours. Harris et al., (1995) contended that the market has, incomplete and asymmetric information which creates a reasonable degree of uncertainty when it comes to allocating resources. This establishes a transaction cost for every decision that is made; so, effective institutions can look towards reducing this cost by drawing upon the neoclassical economics theory that individuals will typically pursue the goal that is rational. Consequently, by maximising its own position, an institution can place constraints on the variety of options available to the i ndividual, so that they are still behaving in a rational manner, but within the constraints of the institution. The definition of an institution as put forward by North (1995) as â€Å"the humanly devised constraints that structure human interaction† p.23, introduced the idea that the institution can act as a means of reducing uncertainty, thus reducing potential transaction costs while making the overall market more efficient. Despite this, it was also argued by North that institutional change rarely happens immediately and, in fact, is more likely to be part of several smaller interactions and incremental changes. Crucially, it is the performance, as well as the indirect and direct consequences of the institution and their mechanism that would ultimately dictate how effective it is, when it comes to building a stake in creating an efficient market. By looking at the above, it can be argued that there is a strong relational link between the notion that under-development of the market and the economy can be blamed on some form of institutional blockage. This suggestion that it is the institutional framework within a country that is most likely to lead to economic success was established by Bates, in 1995, who stated: â€Å"[a]n older generation, who had emphasised the importance of market failure in development economics, finds in the new institutionalism new justification for their interventionist beliefs. And a new generation, seeking a middle ground between the champions of the market and the defenders of the state, finds in the new institutionalism a justification for basing development efforts on community action and civic engagement.† P.27 It can be seen from looking at the theories of the state and the institutions within, that the current thinking is moving more towards the notion that the stateis changing in its role so that the relationship between the state and the markets are inter-linked, rather than being distinct. Modern theories indicate that it is accepted that the state is not opposing the way in which free markets work, but rather an important force that will enable the market to then create rules within which it operates. Essentially, not only does this suggest that the institutions of the state are in fact rule makers by which the markets will then operate, but it is also often the case that the boundaries break down between the state and the economics around them which can create blurred lines. The need to deal with these situations and recognise that they are interlinked, is the subject of considerable literature, in recent years, not least that of Pugh (2011). Recognising where there are economic fail ures within the state institution can often be a consequence of informal reactions against particular controls that may have emanated from the state institution, in the first place. It was noted in the research by Pugh that as state institutions become stronger, this can sometimes create greater corruption and those looking to behave in that way need to become more sophisticated and deliver new ways of behaving in a corrupt manner, which in itself manifests difficulties that the state then struggles to address. Institutional Development = Good Governance? Another area of the literature which is extremely important in the context of how institutional development commences in jurisdictions, such as Libya, in developing new systems is whether institutional development will automatically lead to good governance, where there is slightly more complexity within the arrangement. This is worthy of further discussion, most notably in terms of mapping out how institutional development could be used as a means of achieving strong governance. International financial institutions, in particular, have focused heavily on the need to get the structure and governance of institutions correct as a means of ensuring stability and growth in the future. Furthermore, there is a body of research which is focusing specifically on the governance of institutions in the United States. This research argues that every country should work to set standards for their institutions, as this seems to be best practice, with these standards often being linked to those used by US organisations (Aron, 2000). Despite the fact that concepts of good governance have yet to be harmonised, on a global level, typical recommendations include such factors as ensuring a strong approach to bureaucracy of the judiciary, as well as the protection of personal rights, so that individuals are encouraged to develop new products and services. Transparency is also perceived to be vitally important within the public social welfare and labour institutions, to ensure tha t workers standards or other social elements are managed within states (Aron, 2000). It is argued by individuals, such as Kapur Webber (2000), that the international financial institutions are fundamental to the development of institutions and their use in order to improve economic sustainability, especially in developing regions like Libya. Although it was recognised in this research that international financial institutions offer a vitally important set of rules and government suggestions, it was also found that institutions in the developed countries, when placed as a requirement on the developing regions, can be too demanding and difficult to actually use on a practical level. The human resources and financing of these types of institutions cannot be beyond the developing country during the initial stage of development. Merely having institutional best practices in place is simply not practical. Indeed, it may even be the case that trying to establish financial institutions of this nature would go against social development within the region and could be so far against the norms and cultures of the countries concerned that they themselves would end up being a formative part of any conflict in the future. Whilst it is intended here that this argument is both relevant and has merit attached to it, it is still necessary to develop ideas as to which institutions should be established in which local region as well as it being necessary to look at institutional reform, in order to support a country that is likely to involve relatively rapidly. Consider, for example, the current situation in Libya where the region is recovering from economic collapse, the institutions will need to develop at a relatively rapid pace if the country is likely to undergo relatively sharp curves of recovery in a way that the more developed countries are likely to see steady improvement rather than rapid changes. All of this indicates that the use of institutions cannot be uniform across the globe (Kauffman et al., 1999). As a result of this train of thought, it is unsurprising that a body of research has emerged suggesting that developing countries should simply wait for the institutions to evolve spontaneously. This is in order to ensure that the institutions being developed are in keeping with local conditions and demands and allowing spontaneous evolution is likely to be the best way of achieving this. In reality, there are often time limitations which require a slightly quicker response; so, simply allowing spontaneous evolution is not an appropriate method of institutional development, particularly in countries like Libya where there is a need for immediate reform and to provide foundations for long-term development. Methods of Institutional Development In order to understand the way in which institutional development can potentially impact on the opportunities for economic reform and the ways in which institutional development can be managed in a variety of different jurisdictions, both developed and developing. Interestingly, the issue of democracy and development of institutional reform has created discourse in a variety of jurisdictions, including those that are now perceived to be developed. Take, for example, the situation in France where voting was initially introduced for men only over the age of 30 who pay at least a minimum amount in taxes, meaning that voting was restricted to an extremely small portion of the 32 million population being able to vote and it took a prolonged period of time for this fundamental element of the political institutions to be dealt with in such a way that true democracy was perceived to be achieved. Similar examples can be seen elsewhere, with Germany also taking nearly a century between all men being allowed to vote and all men and women being able to vote (Uphan, 2000). Consequently, although it can be seen that political institutions have developed in many of these countries, this has not happened in a short period of time. This needs to be borne in mind when tackling issues within the developing regions and when looking at institutional reform which needs to be done over a much longer time horizon than may be seen as desirable when looking at countries such as Libya and the need to establish strong institutions, relatively rapidly, to navigate a post-conflict period. A similar situation can be seen when looking at issues relating to bureaucracy and the judiciary. The judiciary, in particular, has been the subject of much debate in terms of how an institution should provide good governance. Having the judiciary as an independent institution is often seen as vitally important for the social and economic development of the country. Yet, it is cited by Upham (2000) that there are instances, for example, in Germany and Japan, whereby an entirely politically independent judiciary can create its own difficulties. This means that there needs to be an element of political control over it, in order to operate effectively. It was suggested by Upham that the effectiveness of the judiciary as an institution depends not only on its independence from the political arena, but also on a much broader variety of factors, including the level of professionalism shown by members of the judiciary. Although the research by Brogan (1985) focused on the judiciary as an institution and how it should establish itself for true effectiveness, many of these factors are seen to be relevant to the general issue of institutional development. This indicates that, when looking at institutional development as a whole, several factors need to be drawn upon and not simply whether or not it is politically independent and able to take a stable, robust stance, but whether it has the internal professional mechanism available to undertake these activities, in the first place (Brogan, 1985). Financial Institutions Taking on board this background understanding, the next stage of the analysis is to consider the role of the financial institution. It is intended here that, in Libya, financial institutions are likely to be a fundamental part of economic development and will receive a large amount of political attention. For this reason, financial institutions and the nature of their impact warrant their own discussion. When looking at the more developed countries and how they currently utilise financial institutions, it can be seen that the banks themselves became fashionable lending institutions relatively late on, typically in the 20th century (Lamoreaux, 1994). In the early years, banks, dating back to the 18th century were typically run as self-help associations, when merchants were able to offer credit to each other rather than being a banking system itself. Recognised institutions took a relatively long period of time to develop with the UK only achieving financial integration in the 1920s, s uggesting that financial institutions are somewhat behind many of the economic developments elsewhere, for instance in the judiciary and democratic state institutions (Lamoreaux, 1994). As well as being relatively slow to develop, banking institutions have also experienced difficulties when it comes to gaining robust banking regulations and this has been a perceived weakness within these financial institutions for many countries, not least the UK and the US in the wake of the recent financial crisis. The role of the central bank has become fundamental to the development of financial institutions and offers a strong potential route for countries like Libya when looking to create a central institution that can then support the development of the surrounding institutions (Lamoreaux, 1994). The Central Bank of England was established back in 1694 and became an institution viewed as the lender of last resort, during the 18th century. Therefore, although this institution has a long history, it only became a central institution capable of having a dramatic economic impact on the country in its entirety in relatively recent years (Lamoreaux, 1994). Arguably, the Central Bank institution took on a powerful position when it had the monopoly over note issuing although this was several decades, if not centuries, after the banks establishment in the first place in most countries; for example, in the UK, the Central Bank was established in 1694, but only gained the monopoly of issuing notes in 1844 (Crafts, 2000). This suggests that the institution itself is not a critical factor, but rather the powers and opportunities that are given to the institution. Arguably, it is the structure of regulation which actually has the definitive argument as to whether or not the institution is an important development factor. Therefore, it can be stated that it is the legislation surrounding institutions which ultimately determines the effectiveness when it comes to achieving economic stability (Carnes, 2000). As well as the Central Bank, public financial institutions have also emerged, over the years, which play an important role when dealing with recovery and development within a particular country such as Libya. The developed countries during their history have also had periods of hardship, e.g. through lack of monetary capability; for example, they had a limited power to tax individuals, thus making it difficult for the government to be effective when it comes to making monetary decisions (Larsson, 1993). Social Welfare Institutions Where social welfare and economic developments are concerned, there is clearly a potential argument for a link between social welfare institutions and the likely increase basic stability in the country as a whole, especially where individuals find themselves in the position of being unable to look after their own basic needs. Although their remains a substantial debate about the role of social welfare institutions which go far beyond the discussion in this paper, the basic notion that social welfare institutions will create a level of stability to prevent any group of individuals failing to have their basic needs met and thus create a situation whereby they may turn to criminal behaviour. The link between having a balanced social institutions and a well-balanced nation has far-reaching consequences, particularly when these are linked to political and economic reform, for example where the institution is refusing to let political democracy take place and restricting voting rights, bas ed on financial assets (Pierson, 1998). Recognising the role that social welfare institutions play has been central to many research projects, most notably the research undertaken by Pierson. The research by Pierson suggests that by establishing regulations in terms of how the social welfare institutions operate will have a direct impact on other institutions and, crucially on the financial stability of the region. As noted by Marx, (1976), the regulation of working practices, e.g. placing a maximum working hours for adults and children, can have a dramatic impact on the operation of the economy, as a whole. Merely being aware of the link between financial institutions and other institutions, as well as general nexus of institutions, in terms of how the markets within the state then operate is as important as looking at the minutiae of the management of financial institutions, alone. Conclusions By looking at the various avenues of research which deal specifically with institutional needs or, indeed, with more general issues of economic development and stability, one factor which has become very apparent is that regulatory standards on a global level will simply not be effective for achieving strong economic development. Furthermore, researchers have also indicated that the theories of institutional operations indicate that it is the combined efforts of all of the institutions which are likely to have the biggest impact on the overall economic and social stability of a region or country. When looking at issues faced by Libya, as well as the way in which other jurisdictions have dealt with issues, the importance of the institution has becomes even more obvious. What remains unclear is just how institutional development should be managed, because simply to allow institutions to develop organically is unlikely to present a suitable solution, in a country like Libya which has un dergone a dramatic period of difficulty, in recent years. The key learning from this element of the literature review is that different institutions have different roles to play and it is their combined effect that needs to be explored in more detail when looking to develop regulatory policies, as this will ultimately allow the underlying aims of the region to be achieved. Regulation and management of these institutions is almost as crucial as the institution itself, and it is this combination of factors which needs to be borne in mind when looking at how institutional development is likely to influence the Libyan state. References Aron, J. (2000). Growth and Institutions: A Review of the Evidence, The World Bank Research Observer, vol. 15, no. 1 Bates, R. (1995). Social Dilemmas and Rational Individuals: an assessment of the New Institutionalism. In John Harris, Janet Hunter, and Colin M. Lewis (eds), The New Institutional Economics and Third World Development. London: Routledge. Brogan, H. (1985). The Penguin History of the United States of America, London, Penguin. Call, and Cousens. E (2008). Ending Wars and Building Peace: International Responses to War-Torn Societies ». International Studies Perspectives 9 (1): 1–21. Chandler, D (2010). International statebuilding: the rise of post-liberal governance. London: Routledge Collier, P. (2007). The Bottom Billion: Why the Poorest Countries Are Failing and What Can Be Done About It. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Cook, ed.,(1970) Studies in the Economic History of the Middle East from the Rise of Islam to the Present Day, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Crafts, N. (2000). Institutional Quality and European Development before and after the Industrial Revolution, a paper prepared for World Bank Summer Research Workshop on Market Institutions, 17-19 July, 2000, Washington, D.C. Daunton, M. (1998). Progress and Poverty, Oxford, Oxford University Press. Delacroix, J (1980) â€Å"The Distributive State in the World System,† Studies in Comparative International Development, 15, no. 3 Fukuyama, F (2004). State building: governance and wolrd order in the Twenty-First century. London: Profile Book Garraty, J. Carnes, M. (2000). The American Nation – A History of the United States, 10th edition, New York, Addison Wesley Longman. Harris, J.,Hunter, J and Lewis, C. (1995). Introduction: development and significance of NIE. In John Harris, Janet Hunter, and Colin M. Lewis (eds), The New Institutional Economics and Third World Development. London and New York: Kahler, M. (2009).  «Statebuilding after Afghanistan and Iraq ». In Roland Paris and Timothy D. Sisk (eds), The dilemmas of statebuilding: confronting the contradictions of postwar peace operations. London: Routledge. Kapur, D. Webber, R. (2000). Governance-related Conditionalities of the IFIs, G-24 Discussion Paper Series, no. 6, Geneva, UNCTAD. Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A. and Zoido-Lobaton, P. (1999). Governance Matters, Policy Research Working Paper, no. 2196, Washington, D.C., World Bank. Lamoreaux, N. (1996). Insider Lending, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Landes, D. 1969. The Unbound Prometheus – Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Larsson, M. (1993). En Svensk Ekonomisk Historia, 1850-1985, 2nd edition, Stockholm, SNS Folag. Marx, K. (1976). Capital, Vol. 1, London, Penguin Books. North, D (1990). Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. North vol. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Paris, and Sisk, T. (2009). Introduction: Understanding the contradictions of postwar statebuilding. In Roland Paris and Timothy D. Sisk (eds), The dilemmas of statebuilding: confronting the contradictions of post-war peace operations. London: Pierson, C. (1998). Beyond the Welfare State – The New Political Economy of Welfare, 2nd edition, Cambridge, Polity Press. Pugh. (2011). Curing strangeness in the political economy of peacebuilding: traces of liberalism and resistance. In Shahrbanou Tadjbakhsh (ed), Rethinking the Liberal Peace: external models and local alternatives. London and New York: Routledge. Upham, F. (2000). Neoliberalism and the Rule of Law in Developing Societies, a paper presented at the UNRISD (United Nations Research Institute for Social Development) conference on â€Å"Neoliberalism and Institutional Reform in East Asia†, 12-14 May, 2000, Bangkok. How to cite The Theory of Institutionalisation and State Building, Essay examples

The Greek Theater Essay Example For Students

The Greek Theater Essay The Greek TheaterThe arts of the western world have beenlargely dominated by the artistic standards established by the Greeks ofthe classical period (Spreloosel 86). It is from the Greek word theatron,meaning a place for sitting, that we get our word theater. Accordingto James Butler, The Greeks were the first people to erect special structuresto bring audiences and theatrical performers together (27). Thetheaters were normally located near a populated area at the bottom of orcut out of a carefully selected, sloping hillside overlooking a seascape,a plain, or a city (Butler 30). They eventually with few exceptionsconsisted of three distinct parts: theatron (viewing place) for spectators,orchestra (dancing place) where the chorus and actors performed; and alater addition, a skene (scene building), which provided a scenic backing(Butler 30). The theatron was the place wherethe audience sat. At first the spectators sat on the ground, lateron wooden bleachers and finally on tiers of stone seats which followedthe circular shape of the orchestra and the natural contours of the countryside. The theatron surrounded the orchestra on three sides. Describingthe theater of Dionysus, David Taylor writes, The spectators seats werein a curving area, a little more than a semi-circle and slope down to thecenter (Taylor 19). Even though all classes of people attended thetheater there were reserved areas for the more prestigious, such as theking. The audience arranged in rows,looked out across a rounded orchestra (Kennedy 1102). Because mostof the early dramas were religious and required a sacrificial ceremony,a thymele (an altar or sacrificial table) was located in the center ofthe orchestra. The orchestra was where the chorus and actorsperformed. Arnott states, the nucleus of the drama was the chorus(Arnott 9). David Taylor comments, The theater actually did startwithout any separate actors; there was only the chorus (15). Lateractors were added, but the chorus still remained the center of attention. The audience sat at a considerable distance from the orchestra and lookeddown on the performance. Although the amount of detail perceivedwas limited, they often were drawn into the play and became charactersthemselves. The action has spilled over from the orchestra to theauditorium to embrace the whole community, players and public alike (Anott21). The third distinct part of the theaterwas the skene (scene building). The earliest scene buildings were verysimple wooden structures (Butler 31). Originally, the skene wasa dressing room; later it is believed to have borne a painted backdrop(Kennedy 1102). This area was known as the actors place. Itwas intended to provide a background against which actors could perform. In Greek theater as we know it, the skene appears as a appendage, adjunct,breaking the perfect circularity of the design (Arnott 13). Although the origin of the Greek theateris unclear, many historians believe that it developed out of religiousritual and its performances were connected to religious festivals. Theperformances were used to educate and entertain. The theater is certainlynot the same as it was in ancient Greece but it has not changed completely(Taylor 8). This form of art has always had a special appeal formany people. Works CitedArnott, Peter. The Ancient Greekand Roman Theatre. New York: RandomHouse,1971. Butler, James H. The Theatre andDrama of Greece and Rome. San Francisco:Chandler,1972. Kennedy, X.J., and Dama Gidia, eds. Literature: An Introduction To Fiction,Poetryand Drama. New York: Harper Collins, 1995. 1102-1105. Spreloosel, Jackson J. Western CivilizationVolume I. St. Paul Mn: West,1994. .u7067f706383970473586ab10184a4f15 , .u7067f706383970473586ab10184a4f15 .postImageUrl , .u7067f706383970473586ab10184a4f15 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7067f706383970473586ab10184a4f15 , .u7067f706383970473586ab10184a4f15:hover , .u7067f706383970473586ab10184a4f15:visited , .u7067f706383970473586ab10184a4f15:active { border:0!important; } .u7067f706383970473586ab10184a4f15 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7067f706383970473586ab10184a4f15 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7067f706383970473586ab10184a4f15:active , .u7067f706383970473586ab10184a4f15:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7067f706383970473586ab10184a4f15 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7067f706383970473586ab10184a4f15 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7067f706383970473586ab10184a4f15 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7067f706383970473586ab10184a4f15 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7067f706383970473586ab10184a4f15:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7067f706383970473586ab10184a4f15 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7067f706383970473586ab10184a4f15 .u7067f706383970473586ab10184a4f15-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7067f706383970473586ab10184a4f15:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Secret Sharer Essay86-88. Taylor, David. Acting and the Stage. London: George Allen Unwin, 1978.